These six pastoral ministry graduates from ALC come from a wide variety of backgrounds and are stepping out in faith to begin their first assignments.

Dan Mueller

Age: 35
Family: Wife Jenny; Eli, Hannah and Zara
Assigned to: Walla Walla Parish NSW
What did you do before you went to ALC? I worked as a computer engineer and research scientist.

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Peter Klemm

Age: 42
Family: Wife Jody; Lily and Ciarna.
Home congregation: Brinkworth SA
Assigned to: Cummins Parish SA
What did you do before you went to ALC? I worked on the family farm before heading to Hermannsburg NT, to work in the Finke River Mission store. I then worked in a mixed retail and hardware business in Clare (SA).

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Michael Prenzler

Age: 40
Family: Wife Gertraud; Gabriel and Rebecca
Home congregation: Immanuel Gawler SA
Assigned to: Magill & Adelaide Deaf Community Church SA
Who were the most influential people as you were growing up? My immediate family, particularly my parents.
Who are the most influential people in your life now? My family. My lecturers have also had a big impact on my personal and spiritual development.
What did you do before you went to ALC? I was a mechanical engineer, working in technical and managerial roles in Australia and overseas.

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Valdis Andersons

Age: 64
Family: Wife Sylvia; Ilze and Markus
Home congregation: Unley SA
Assigned to: SA/NT District – locum at Lyndoch & Rowland Flat
What did you do before you went to ALC? I worked in the SA/NT District as Communications Coordinator. Prior to that I worked in radio (as on-air announcer and copywriter), acting, promotions, and sales, and as a secondary school teacher.

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Ryan Norris

Age: 32
Family: Wife Priscilla; Riikka, Caius, Kelsie and Sakari
Home congregation: Rochedale Qld
Assigned to: Tarrington Parish Vic
What did you do before you went to ALC? I have had a number of short-term jobs since high school, (including) an 18-month stint in outdoor education, followed by six years working with Youth With A Mission.

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David Haak

Age: 29
Family: Wife Rebecca; Isaac, Isabella
Home congregation: Mt Gravatt Qld
Assigned to: Beenleigh Qld
Who were the most influential people as you were growing up? My parents handed me the Bible I had been given at my baptism when I was going through a tough time. This had a profound impact on me.
What did you do before you went to ALC? Before ALC I worked in cold storage. During a break in my study, I worked in IT, fixing self-checkouts and ATMs.

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by Lisa McIntosh

This year your magazine, The Lutheran, celebrates 50 years of service to our church.

Everyone who is blessed with five decades on this earth has changed dramatically since their birth (at least physically, even if inside we feel virtually the same at 48 as we did at 18). And The Lutheran is no different. It is almost unrecognisable today from the very first issue published on 21 January 1967 under the interim joint editorship of Pastor T W Koch and Dr M Lohe.

However, casting a discerning eye over a full 50 years of the masthead also shows what has never swayed – The Lutheran’s commitment to serve and build up the church.

When the first full-time editor, Pastor E W Wiebusch, took charge in April 1967, he explained the scope of the publication in his first editorial: ‘THE LUTHERAN should be a teaching agency of the Church’.

The Lutheran started life as the ‘official organ’ of the fledgling LCA, a term never clearly defined. As then editor, now executive editor and LCA Communications manager Linda Macqueen wrote on the occasion of The Lutheran’s 40th birthday: ‘In 1967 the burden of being “the organ” of the LCA seemed to weigh heavily on The Lutheran’s shoulders. It was formal, unsmiling and austere. Later it became the church’s “official publication” and then in September 2001, without anyone noticing, it became the LCA’s “national magazine”.’

While some critics would see this transition as a gradual ‘watering down’ of the role of the magazine, others believe it has taken the shackles off, opening The Lutheran up to the voices of the whole church, rather than just its leaders and other pastors. It has allowed us also to exercise our God-given sense of humour.

The fact The Lutheran’s looks and content have been regularly altered across its life is nothing unusual in comparison with mainstream publications. In this case it perhaps reflects mostly the shift in its prescribed function, the diverse styles of those at the helm, the resources and production technology available and the changing face of the church it strives to serve.

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by Jonathan Krause

To make a Fanta cake you need:

  • 1kg plain flour
  • yeast
  • sugar
  • cooking oil
  • coconut cream
  • a little water …
  • … and, of course, the secret ingredient, Fanta, for flavour.

How much Fanta? That’s Kiso’s trade secret. Along with how long you bake the cake in the ‘oven’ your husband has built from an old oil drum, and half-buried in the dirt, with space underneath for a fire to heat the oven.

Kiso lives in Pamalabus Village, Mumeng, in the mountains outside Lae in Papua New Guinea.

Here, through the support of the Lutheran family in Australia and New Zealand through Australian Lutheran World Service, Kiso – also a Lutheran – is bringing love to life using another secret ingredient – SALT. SALT is a special approach to talking with people in order to help them identify their strengths, and gain the skills and confidence to solve their problems and build a better life for their families. The acronym works as follows:

S – stimulate

A – appreciate

L – listen, learn, link

T – team-up, transfer 

It’s part of the Mat Ministry of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of PNG (ELC-PNG).

Kiso is a Team Leader for the Mat Ministry in her community, and explains it’s all about following the example of Jesus from Matthew 5, where he went to the mountain and then sat down with people to talk:

‘We sit down together. There is no big man or small man. We can talk freely because there is no boss’, she says. ‘In this ministry we want to help one another as we can have a satisfying life for everyone. I visit one family each week, but if I am in an area I can sometimes visit four or five families.’

Kiso does this work as a volunteer for her church, as an outworking of her faith. She says the SALT approach is having a real impact in helping the Lutheran church effectively support people in their daily lives.

Through ALWS Christmas Action this year, you can support the Lutheran church in PNG grow the Mat Ministry and SALT approach, support adult literacy and train young women to be community workers. Your donation is matched with the generous support of the Australian Government, and complements the evangelism work of LCA International Mission. Working together, this is how God can use us to bring love to live. Use the pack you receive at church this Christmas to donate or contact ALWS at alws@alws.org.au or on 1300 763 407. www.alws.org.au

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The season of Christmas can offer unique opportunities to reach out to and serve the community beyond our church doors.

But what’s the best way to get the message of the real gift of Christmas to those around us? Every situation and place is different, so we asked some congregations and parishes to share their stories.

St John’s Lutheran Church, Wilsonton, Queensland

Christmas boxes

As we are located in a farming area on the outskirts of Toowoomba, St John’s Wilsonton aims to help local families and country people affected by crises such as droughts and floods.

We do this by covering shoeboxes with Christmas wrap, filling them with goodies for children at Christmas, and donating them to Lifeline for distribution.

As I write this, we have about 200 boxes ready to fill with items collected during the year from members and those purchased with money donated toward the project, such as toys, books and school supplies. An appropriate Lutheran tract is added and the boxes are labelled to identify them according to age groups. This year is our best effort yet. Last year we presented approximately 140 boxes to Lifeline’s local CEO, Derrick Tuffield, while the year before we presented 100. Derrick attends the service at which one of the Sunday school children presents the gifts to him for distribution.

We don’t hear from recipients personally, nor do we look for responses. It is enough to know from Lifeline personnel of the joy and thanks expressed by those receiving the gifts.

– Trevor Becker

Some congregations, including Lobethal and Aberfoyle Park  in South Australia, and Corinda in Queensland, reach out with the good news of Christmas by putting on plays, musicals and living nativities, while others host innovative festivals, fairs and markets. Members of St James, Moorabbin, in Melbourne’s south-eastern suburbs, host a Christmas tree festival, with decorated trees, craft, home baking and Devonshire teas to connect with their community.

What does your congregation or parish do to share the true gift of Christmas with others? We’d love to hear from you at lisa.mcintosh@lca.org.au

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by Peter Ziersch

Good on you, Australian Lutherans!!

That’s the sentiment of people you have been

able to help through your generosity in responding to the appeal for those affected by the Western Australian fires and, in particular, the Pinery fire in South Australia.

It has been a privilege and a joy to represent all of you who so generously donated, as I have handed over cheques and vouchers which have brought so much happiness to so many.

The appeal raised more than $300,000 from around Australia, a marvellous effort from people, who, by and large, are not wealthy. In all I was able to distribute more than $130,000, which you so generously gave in response to this appeal.

St Paul writes in 2 Corinthians 9:6-11: ‘Remember this: … God loves a cheerful giver … and God is able to make all grace abound to you, so that in all things at all times, having all that you need, you will abound in every good work … You will be made rich in every way so that you can be generous on every occasion, and through us your generosity will result in thanksgiving to God’.

That has been the hope that, as Paul says, ‘your generosity will result in thanksgiving to God’, through your donations to this appeal. With this in mind, I have been hand-delivering the cheques and vouchers in most cases, to show the ‘human face’ of the church to those devastated by this fire who may not be Lutheran, or even active church attenders.

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Having a son or daughter ‘come out’ as homosexual is not something many parents expect or are prepared for – especially within the church. How would you respond if this happened to you? One family shares the story of their journey since that day 20 years ago.

What do you say when your child tells you, ‘I’m gay’?

I still remember that day and the words I spoke; how I wish I could take them back, but their angry barbs found their mark. I remember that face marked by fear, those hurting eyes, and the fragile heart placed in my hands by someone I love. This is the one I wept for joy for when born; the one I taught to ride a bike, whose scraped knee I kissed, and whose trembling hand I held while getting stitches. How quickly the years pass. Now we stand face-to-face and my child’s sense of peace, identity and acceptance needs a response in real-time; in a moment my opportunity is gone.

What do you say? That’s a question my family faced 20 years ago. We are not alone. That’s a question many congregational families have faced and will continue to face in future. That’s a question the LCA faces beyond public statements made by bishops and theologians.

This is my story. I tell it not because it is unique or particularly special, but because it gives voice to the unspoken; makes visible what we choose to keep invisible. My story is typical of Christian parents who respond to the news that the child they love and admire is gay. Maybe it will help other stories to be told, and memories to be healed, as we as church look for ways to stand together in face of a reality that will not go away.

I told my son I didn’t believe him; I didn’t want to believe him. Much of what I knew about homosexuality I had read in books, or seen in movies. Then there was what I had learned in church: that God created people male and female for the purpose of reproducing the human race and established marriage as the proper setting; same-sex relations are to be seen as a distortion of nature and prohibited by God.

This was not my son. He didn’t fit that image of a homosexual. He was bright, talented, funny, caring, honest, ethical, a person of faith. If he thought he was gay, there must be a reason for his confused state. ‘When the right girl comes along’, I thought, ‘he will resolve it; he will be alright.’

As my denials continued, so did my efforts to explain it. Was it some recent trauma and depression that were the reason for his confused state? Or had he deliberately chosen to rebel against nature and God’s will? Or, as parents, had my wife and I unknowingly contributed to some perverted development of his sexuality? But we couldn’t realistically see where that had been the case. So we continued to search for explanations.

We learned that there is more than one theory about the causes of homosexuality: genetic, hormonal, environmental, social. Each of these factors may contribute in varying degrees to the sexual orientation of a particular individual. Unfortunately, none of the theories agree sufficiently with each other to form anything that looks like a consensus on the subject – except, perhaps, that sexuality is a ‘given’ rather than a choice.

So where do you go when you cannot deny it or explain it away? The next steps in our journey involved prayer and psychotherapy. As my son grew in awareness and acceptance of his sexual identity, as a Christian he also was acutely aware that in the church homosexuality was seen as something unacceptable to God.

He believed he was acceptable to God through baptism on account of Christ, but felt marginalised in the life of the church and denied at the altar. He believed that God loves people unconditionally and offers change and renewal to those who come to him with humble and penitent hearts. But God did not change him. Neither did God’s people welcome him. So what did this experience do to his mind, heart, and spirit?

In the face of social shame and personal pain, impulses for acting out and the dark urges of suicide, we encouraged our son to seek counselling and psychological support. Yet, as we were soon to discover, counselling services and psychotherapy have long since been convinced that homosexuality is not an illness and there is no known treatment to change it. Certainly, behaviour can be changed or constrained towards celibacy, but the basic affective orientation and makeup of homosexuals is not changed. There is no fix. So therapy helped my son come to accept the reality of his being, thankfully, before the social shame and his growing inner alienation climaxed in any threatened premature death.

As parents, we faced two choices at this point, both involving some form of loss – if not death. One choice was to reject and separate from our child: treat him as an outcast, as if he were dead to us. That’s the sad choice many parents have taken and many congregations approve in relation to gay and lesbian members.

However, this is not the choice we have taken. Ours was another choice: to die to our ignorance, prejudice, and misunderstandings. It’s a choice that has cost us in grief and loss. Gone is our nice tidy worldview, with black and white answers to complex human realities. Lost is a level of openness, support, and comfort within our church community. Lost is our security in a handful of Bible verses to justify our actions. Lost are some hopes and dreams we held for our son’s ‘ordinary’ happiness in church and society. A final form of grief and loss has been the realisation that our pain and suffering were secondary to our son’s experiences. Now we choose to be supporters of the life God blessed us to bring into the world.

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Being discriminated against because of traits we were born with – race, gender, disabilities – can be a deeply painful, even soul-destroying, experience. For people who are homosexual, the prejudice and the hurt is the same. And sadly this type of suffering goes on in our churches and schools, as well as in the wider world. Can you imagine what it would be like to walk a mile in their shoes? One father challenges us with that question.

Imagine you are a black child growing up in the United States in the 1960s, or in South Africa under the rule of apartheid. Every aspect of society labels you inferior. You are verbally and physically abused and feel isolated as you go about your normal life. You are not welcome to eat, travel, or worship with white people. You did not choose to be black. You cry yourself to sleep in your mother’s arms wondering what you did to deserve the punishment you are receiving.

How would you feel?

You hear stories of people fighting for your rights and you hope change comes within your lifetime. You still hurt from the death of a friend who could not bear the cruelty and literally got to the end of his rope. You have even considered what a sweet release that could be for you. Some members of the white church claim your friend could not cope with the shame of being black. You internally struggle with the desire to be fully proud of the way God made you despite what they say.

Unfortunately this emotional and spiritual pain and the experience of being treated as a second-class citizen are all too familiar for thousands of people in Australia and New Zealand in 2016 – because they are gay. My daughter is one of them. Some of our society, both within and outside of our church, tell her she is abnormal, disgusting and a threat to society. But that is not who she is to me. She is one of the most beautiful creations I have met.

She has struggled through the deepest depths of despair, wishing she could be ‘normal’ or even not be at all. She is now proud of the way God made her and I am writing this to encourage other people like her and especially the parents of homosexual children.

I admit finding out my child was gay was something I hoped I would never have to deal with. Now I am ashamed of some of the attitudes I used to hold. My background in and knowledge of science and mathematics meant I had already begun the transition from believing sexual orientation was a choice to the realisation that a person is born with their sexuality, just as they are born black or white, male or female. The first support video my wife and I watched reinforced this idea very strongly.

I previously had the notion that my child will never be gay if I ‘bring them up right’. Now I believe that was a ludicrous idea and that ours will be a better world when young people no longer have to live with cruelty and misunderstanding in their homes and schools.

It may surprise people to know how many gay people are born into our Lutheran church. You will not openly hear of the ones who have taken their own lives, but it happens. They are driven to it, not because they cannot bear the shame of their sexual identity, but because of the abuse they are subjected to. They did not choose to be gay. They just are.

Those who are brave enough to come out to their church and families are often despised and rejected. To be told you are no longer loved and welcome in your family home, perhaps because you are a mistake caused by a fallen human race, must be a gut-wrenching, heart-rending experience.

I have not personally witnessed the discrimination gay people face, but my daughter has. I am ashamed of the rallies which target homosexual people with abuse and/or physically sabotage and disrupt the activities of a minority group peacefully planning or conducting a gathering.

Whenever we realise that, through our actions or inactions, we are perpetrating injustice, we must work to create a better world. My hope is for Christian gay people to be free to live in the kingdom of God into which they were baptised and be active members of our church.

I hope my words will assure our Christian gay community that they have support. You are not alone. Many people in other denominations and the ACCEPTS group (with members from our own Lutheran church) are working on your behalf.

I want to encourage more parents and children in this situation to bravely face their family, friends and colleagues in calling for love and compassion rather than discrimination and condemnation. Disabled people are not meant to be outcast from society. Women have a right to vote, work and play alongside men. Black people are not a result of the fall of mankind into sin. Equalising the rights of blacks and women had to happen. So, too, must we now move on to the next discriminated group.

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Do people choose to be homosexual?

When we think of ourselves as God’s created beings, we remember that God created us to share life. Included in our shared life is the desire for an intimate sharing with another person.

For most people this is a desire for intimacy with a person of the opposite sex. For a minority it is a desire for intimacy with a person of the same sex.

A homosexual preference can be strongly internalised, and there has been a long debate as to whether it is innate or learned unconsciously early in life. People do not generally choose to be homosexual. Others choose to experiment in their sexual life, and we may feel that current social standards encourage this.

Can a homosexual person be ‘cured’?

Some have viewed homosexuality either as a disease or a perversion and have attempted to change people’s sexuality by psychological or spiritual programs. Such attempts might be (sometimes) well meant, but they are abusive and can contribute to incidents of self-harm and suicide.

It is more helpful to respond pastorally, to help people understand that it is our relationship with God, rather than sexuality, that is the basis of human identity. Christians can support and guide each other to make healthy choices in how we express our sexuality. Jesus always made it his priority to show love for all people – meeting, speaking and sharing meals with them – without discrimination.

Is it a result of the Fall?

All people receive the blessings of God’s gift of sexuality but Genesis 3 shows how God’s good gifts have been marred by human sin. God’s people believe that the gift is enjoyed to the full when we follow his word and live faithfully. We are called to faithfulness in relationship, yet we are tempted towards unfaithfulness. There is tension between the right use of our sexuality, and the selfish use.

If we agree that God created male and female to share intimately with one another, then we might view the inability to share sexually with the opposite gender as one of the losses caused by human sinfulness. However, our response to that reality is one of understanding and care, rather than of negative judgement.

What does the LCA say about same-sex marriage?

Marriage is a divine order created by God for the good of humanity. The gift of marriage has three main parts: lifelong love and fidelity between husband and wife, the enjoyment of sexual intimacy within the context sanctioned by God, and the potential privilege and challenge of bearing and raising children.

When a society, perhaps with the best of intentions, legalises committed same-sex relationships as marriage, it diminishes the uniqueness of the life-giving male-female relationship which we believe a marriage properly is. The church acknowledges the right of the state to recognise civil unions between people of the same sex and to accord them full legal recognition and rights. 

Does a homosexual Christian have to be celibate for all their life?

All Christians need to seek God-pleasing choices about the way they live their lives. Homosexual Christians will seek God’s guidance for their life choices.

Some are convinced that God’s will is that homosexuals live a celibate life and seek their life fulfilment without a life partner. They may see the celibate life as an opportunity to offer another form of Christian service. Others believe that God’s will allows them to express their sexual feelings in some form of intimacy, and may form a friendship in which they can do so.

It is important to remember that there are many dimensions to intimacy and commitment, including care and support. There is spiritual and mental, emotional and social intimacy, as well as physical intimacy, and there are different expressions of physical intimacy. All of us should make responsible judgements about our sexuality, and be careful about making judgements regarding each other.

These answers were prepared by Pastor Jim Pietsch, who was commissioned by the Commission on Theological and Inter-Church Relations to prepare a set of studies to accompany the commission’s statements on Human Sexuality, released in 2015. His answers to this Q&A are informed by the LCA’s statement, but are not on behalf of the CTICR. These are intended to be an introduction to this conversation.

For further exploration of the commission’s study, read their paper, ‘Human Sexuality: Three Key Issues’ in Section C at www.lca.org.au/dstos The set of study guides, including one titled ‘Sexuality and Homosexuality’, is available at www.lca.org.au/studyguides

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by Geraldine Hawkes

As part of the lead-up to the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in 2017, an ecumenical working party of Lutherans and Catholics has been planning a program of projects and events to jointly commemorate the occasion. One is a series of articles, written by Lutheran and Catholic authors from around Australia, to be published in both Lutheran and Catholic publications. The final piece in our series of six is by Geraldine Hawkes, Ecumenical Facilitator of the South Australian Council of Churches (SACC). She was also the first Catholic to hold the role of Executive Officer of the SACC.

It seems timely to be writing on the subject ‘Re-formation today’ as we journey through spring, towards summer. When I think of these months, I think of how our landscape in the southern parts of Australia is transformed, as rain and cloud give way to warmth and light. So it is also on the ecumenical journey, especially as we ponder 500 years since the Reformation, a time that radically changed the landscape of our ecclesial life. There are signs that the climate between us as Catholics and Lutherans is changing: that warmth and light guide our journey together, and that re-formation – or perhaps, transformation – is possible.

When I think of the individuals from the time of the Reformation, and beyond, I give thanks for all who, in seeking faithfulness to the gospel, drew attention to or acted on aspects of our faith life together in which some of us may have been living in the shadows. I like to think that such insights were both offered and received in a spirit of faith, hope and love. However, I do wonder to what extent the internal disposition informed or inhibited gracious listening and learning.

Today I am inspired by two movements, both of which invite us into a new disposition towards one another.

The first is Receptive Ecumenism, which offers a fresh ecumenical methodology emphasising listening, learning and receptivity; about learning from others in order to learn about ourselves. It requires openness to the Holy Spirit, and calls for a spirit of self-awareness, vulnerability and humility. The potential of Receptive Ecumenism is that our structures, systems, practices and processes may be transformed to more clearly radiate the warmth and light of Christ.

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by Janette Lange

Celebrating 50 years of the Lutheran Church of Australia offers a wonderful opportunity to step back, reflect and thank God for his blessings.

This month sees the 50th anniversary of that historic Union Day. Some say we shouldn’t live in the past, but how can we really know who we are if we do not know where we came from? How can we appreciate our God-given unity if we ignore the prior division? How can we be good stewards of the church we have inherited if we have no concept of the one that existed before?

Like many family trees, our church’s is a bit messy. There were unions but also divorces. The most significant split was at the 1846 Bethany Synod, SA, when disagreement over church governance and confessionalism saw the convention break up. What followed was 120 years of division!

Over time there were more splits, and with further migration, new synods. By 1907 there were seven synods in Australia, two in New Zealand, and numerous independent ministers and congregations.

Apart from their diverse origins, it was the sourcing of pastors from Protestant – not confessionally Lutheran – seminaries that caused issues for the confessional synods. Their sensitivity to the threat of Lutheran/Reformed ‘unionism’ is understandable – after all, the rejection of such a stance was the reason the first Lutheran migrants came to Australia. How could such disparate groups ever unite?

Commitment to Aboriginal mission brought the original South Australian synods together in a ‘confessional union’ in 1864, but this ended in further splits, again largely over affiliations.

However, a crucial milestone was reached in 1921. Having agreed on doctrine, five of the synods came together as the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Australia (UELCA). In 1926 another synod joined them.

There were now two synods of similar size, with different cultures and backgrounds. The other was the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Australia (ELSA, later ELCA), which had been sourcing pastors or training in America, and had widely introduced the English language. Until the disruptions of war, UELCA had largely used German seminaries to train pastors and its links with Europe and the German language remained stronger.

In the 1920s and 30s the differences between the synods were highlighted in bitter articles and pamphlets. Worship, communion or marriage with those of ‘the other side’ were frowned upon; even joint prayer was considered ‘sinful unionism’.

But there were shared schools, and joint cemeteries, church buildings, youth groups and mission work. The Australian Lutheran Association provided fellowship across synod lines, and later played an integral role in uniting the church.

In the 1940s the focus shifted to points of agreement between synods and their minimum requirements for union. What constituted God-pleasing unity? A joint intersynodical committee formulated theses of agreement. There was much rejoicing when in 1949 the joint meeting opened with prayer for the first time, and in 1952 when they reached agreement on most differences.

Union seemed imminent and some ELCA and UELCA congregations in Queensland and South Australia built combined churches. But in 1956 an ELCA convention rejected an offer of altar and pulpit fellowship from UELCA. Despite a desire for unity, relationships with overseas church bodies – Lutheran World Federation, the churches involved in New Guinea missions – impeded fellowship. Hopes for union were fading.

Then came a breakthrough! Concordia and Immanuel seminaries drafted ‘a common theology of cooperation and fellowship’ which became the basis for the Document of Union in 1965. This was endorsed at the ELCA synod in April and the UELCA in October.

On 28 November 1965 thousands of Lutherans gathered at Adelaide Oval, Melbourne Town Hall, Brisbane, and centres throughout Australia to celebrate the Declaration of Altar and Pulpit Fellowship. Combined services and functions were held but there were practicalities to be addressed. What would the new church be called? How would it be structured? The Joint Union Committee planned the organisational and legal steps for amalgamation, including a constitution, the transfer of properties, and the merger of departments, magazines and seminaries.

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